SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION NOTES CLASS 9/BEST NOTES FOR CLASS 9

        


LIBERALS-  

1.Liberals wanted to bring change in the society.

2.Liberals wanted a nation which tolerate all religions(secularism).

3.They opposed uncontrolled power of dynastic rules.

4.They believe government should be elected by people.

5.They were not democrats as they did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise. They thought that men of property should have right to vote and did not want women to vote.

 

RADICALS-

 

1.Wanted a nation in which government was based on majority of country’s population.

2.They opposed the privileges of great land owners and factory owners.

3.Were not against private property but dislike property in hand of few.

 

CONSERVATIVES-

 

1.Opposed to Radicals and Liberals.

2.They were the people who like monarchy and nobility.

3.Even conservatives had opened their minds to need for changes.

4.By 19th century, they accepted the change but believe that changes should me made with respect  to the past and should be gradual.

 

                          INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND                                       

                      SOCIAL CHANGE

 

1.Industrialisation brought men,women and children to the factories.

2.Work hours were long and wages were poor.

3.Unemployment was common at that time.

4.Housing and Sanitation were problems as towns were growing rapidly.

SOCIALISM-The idea which is based on the belief that all the people are equal  and the property must be equally distributed .Nor could any individual  person can hold all the property.

Those who followed the idea of socialism were called Socialist.

---- They were against private property and believed that it is the root of all problems.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

 

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN1914-

KING- Tsar Nicholas 2

 

RELIGIONS IN RUSSIA-

·       PROESTANTS

·       MUSLIM

·       BUDDHIST

·       CATHOLIS

 

THE MAJOR RELIGION  WAS RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY.

 

RUSSIA=>AGRICULTURE

      i.            85% of the population work in agriculture.

  ii.            Russia was a major exporter of grains.

 

There were less Industries.

Main industrial areas were:

1.St.Petersburg

2.Moscow

 

In 1890s the railways in Russia expanded.

New industries took place. production raised

 

1914=> 31% of women worked in factories. There wages were less compared to men.

 

The workers of Russia were different they support each other. If one has to face some problem all the workers strike together.

Russian society in rural areas

 

·       Farmers had less land.Many farmers did not even have land to cultivate.

·       Most of the land was hold by nobility and church.

·       They work together, collect the crops and then divide it in equal parts.

·       They have their commune who divide the land according to their family needs.

In 1898 russian social democratic workers party was formed.

1.mainly for workers.

2.active in urban areas.

3.it set up newspaper,mobilized worker and organized strikes.

In 1900 socialist revolutionary party was formed.

1.       mainly for peasants.

2.       Active in rural areas.

3.       They want that land of nobles be transferred to peasants.

Tsar Nicholas 2-power

There was no parliament.

Decision-tsar Nicholas 2

War between Russia and japan for korea and manchurea

Russia lost from japan many times .

·       Russia lost again

·       Prices rose

·       Workers demanded better situation.

·       They striked and made associations.

ON 22 JAN 1905

GROUP OF WORKERS LED BY FATHER GAPONWENT OUSIDE THE WINTER PALACE AND STARTED PROTESTING AGAINST THE KING.THE KING ORDERD THE TROOPS FOR OPEN FIRE.AROUND 100 WORKERS KILLED AND 300 WORKERS WOUNDED.THIS INCIDENT IS KNOWN AS  BLOODY SUNDAY.

Many strikes took place after this incident all over Russia.

The king allowed to make an elective parliament known as duma.

1.               First Duma was dismissed in 75 days.

2.               After 3 months the second duma made it was also dismissed

3.               Third duma was made and continued because TSAR made changes in the voting laws  and packed it with noble people and supporters of him.

The first world war and the Russian empire

Central power             allied power 

Germany                          france

Turkey            vs             Britain

Austria                            russia 

 

At first people supported TSAR.

St.Petersburg=>Petrograd

Because st.petersburg was a  german name.

People stopped supporting Tsar.

Three reasons are-

1.              Tsar refused to consult the main parties of duma.

2.              Rajputin(monk) was a poor advisor and the people of Russia don’t like him.

3.              The queen of Russia was from Germany so people wondered if the queen is from Germany so why Tsar is fighting with Germany.

1914-1916èThe Russian army was badly defeated from German and Austria army.

By 1917è

·      There were  over 7 million casualties.

·      3 million people lost their home

·      The crops were destroyed.

·      The buildings were also destroyed.

·      The railway lines were broken.

·      The workers were sent to the battlefield ther is a lack of workers in factories and workshop and the factories closed.

·      The supply of goods stopped.

·      Shortage of food.

Right of Neva Riverèworkers and their factories

Left of Neva RiverèFashionable areas like winter palace

Government buildings and the place where duma meet.

IN 1917è

·      Due to winter crops destroyed.

·      Shortage of food.

·      On 22 feb factories were closed. Around 50 worker moved to left side of neva and start protesting at NEVSKII PROSPEKT.

·      Government imposed curfew.

·      On 24-25 feb workers again started protesting.

·      King suspended  Duma.

·      Politicians of Duma get against the king and broke police headquarter.

Soldiers + workers èpetrograd soviet

A delegation went to meet the King and advised him to abdicate.

On 2nd march king abdicated.

Petrograd soviet + DUMAèPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

PROVINCIAL GOVRMENT WAS RUNNING THE COUNTRY.

LENIN came and announced three demands-

1.Declare that  war war be brought to close.

2.Land be transferred to peasants.

3.Banks should be nationalized.

These three demands of Lenin are also known as April Thesis.

He also suggested that the name of their party should changed to COMMUNIST PARTY.

Provincial government consist of :

Land lord, Businessman, Army officials.

Lenin knew that the provincial government would become a problem in future so he planned a protest against Provincial government.

All his supporters from several fields came together. on 16th October 1917 Lenin convinced the Petrograd soviet.The date of revolt was kept secret .

BOLSHEVIK + SOVIETèMLITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE (MRC)

THE COMMAND OF THIS COMMITTEE WAS GIVEN TO LEON TROTSKY.

ON 24TH October they revolted.

Prime Minister Kerenskii ordered troops . Military seized two buildings of Bolshevik Newspaper.

The MRC confiscated government offices and arrested ministers.

Bolshevik won.

Lenin nationalized the banks and industries.

Land was declared social property. They changed the uniform of the military after a competition a hat was chosen and named “THE SOVIET HAT”    

He also changed the name of the party .

RUSSIAN COMMUNIST PARTY.

 

ON NOVEMBER 1917à

·      Bolshevik conducted election to the constituent assembly.

·      Lenin dismissed the assembly as they lost.

·      Russia became one party state.

On march 1918 they made peace with Germany.

(at breast litovsk)

 

                           Civil War

Other countries were supporting greens and white as they had fear that if the socialism will spread in russia that is a chance of this in their country too.

 

BY JAN 1920 all the power was in the hands of Bolshevik.

Lenin started making 5 year plan means how much development they do in 5 years.

The government fixed the prices  of goods to increase industrial growth for first 2  five year plan.(1927-1938)

·      Situation of schools improved

·      Health facilities improved

·      Centralized planning led to economic growth.

LENIN DEATH

NEW LEADER OF COMMUNIST PARTY-JOSEPH SATLIN(he was a close associate of Lenin)

By 1927-1928àthere was shortage of grains. The government fixed the prices of grains

The peasants refused to sell the grains .Stalin  introduced emergency measuresbecause they thought that the rich farmers and traders in the countryside were holding stocks in the hope of high price.

Stalin had made compulsory to give grains.

The party members started raids on kulaks.

But after so much effort there was shortage of grains.so he introduced COLLECTIVISATION PROGRAMME

 

IN Collectivization Programme  they collect lands of farmers and by use modern machinery  they produce grains more.After that the production was equally divided among all.Stalin forced farmers to do collectivization  programme.those who disagree was sent to jail.

Peasants became angry and destroyed their own livestocks.

FROM 1930-1933

OVER 4 MILLION PEOPLE DIED STARVING.

THOSE WHO CRITISE STALIN WAS PUNISHED AS CONSPIRACY AGAINST SOCIALISM.THEY WERE SENT TO JAIN OR LABOUR KENT.BY 1939 OVER 2 MILLION PEOPLE WERE SENT TO JAIL OR LABOUR KENT.

THE GLOBEL INFLUENCE OF THR RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE USSR

 

Due to Russia many communist party formed in several country.

 

Bolshevik organized the congress of the people of the east was a multinational conference  held in September 1920 by the communist international in baku.

 

Communist international (comintern)

They made USSR COMMUNIST UNIVERSITY OF THE WORKER OF THE EAST .In these universities people are made aware of socialism.

 

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